Information regarding the best breed must be acknowledged because broilers are thought to be the greatest choice pin up online casino for meat production due to their quicker growth, shorter generation interval, better feed conversion rate and superior carcass. Also, Cobb-500 is suitable for markets with high demand for breast meat, while Ross-308 is better for leg and wing meat. Anterior to the Canadian grading site (toward the blade end of the loin), 3.0 cm-thick boneless loin chops were cut, trimmed of external fat, and the longissimus thoracis muscle was separated from other muscles.
Even when adjusted to a common carcass weight, carcasses of animals in the very high genetic merit terminal group were expected to generate, on average, €90 more revenue for processors through greater red meat yield and extra value cuts, compared to the very low genetic merit group. The monetary impact of the results from the present study are similar to previous studies and signify considerable differences in carcass retail value between beef carcasses. Previously, Connolly et al. (2016) reported that animals of higher genetic merit based on the terminal index yielded €168 more revenue for the primary producer through a combination of heavier carcass weight, superior carcass quality, fewer days on farm, and less feed intake. Therefore, not only does improvement in genetic merit benefit the producer, it also benefits the processor through higher red meat yield and a greater proportion of higher value cuts, even at a common carcass weight. Furthermore, the expected fewer days on farm and lesser feed intake per day (Connolly et al., 2016) should also result in a lower environmental footprint of the entire sector. It was hypothesized that gilts would be leaner than barrows, which has been well documented by previous research (Boler et al., 2014; Overholt et al., 2016; Redifer et al., 2020).
Included Categories
While measuring the actual meat yield on every carcass is currently prohibitively expensive, attempts have been made to predict meat yield and high value primal cuts using VIA of carcasses (Pabiou et al., 2011). Indeed, Pabiou et al. (2010) documented an accuracy of 0.91 when using VIA to predict total meat yield in a population of 627 Irish steers. Once sorting was completed, three or four barrow carcasses and three or four gilt carcasses were selected from each carcass weight quartile in an equivalent manner (i.e. equal numbers of barrow and gilt carcasses were selected from each weight quartile).
- Also, Cobb-500 is suitable for markets with high demand for breast meat, while Ross-308 is better for leg and wing meat.
- When terminal index was included as a class effect with four levels, a covariate expressing the difference between the animal’s terminal index value and terminal index center-point of the index group was also included in the model.
- The Cobb-500 strain is optimal for producers targeting high breast meat yield, whereas Ross-308 is preferable for higher yields of leg and wing meat.
- The main objective of the current study was to characterize detailed carcass attributes, such as red meat yield and cut weights, from animals divergent in genetic merit for a terminal index.
- Fixed effects considered in all models were terminal index, dam parity (1, 2, 3, 4, 5+), whether the animal was a singleton or a twin, sex (i.e., bull, steer), age at slaughter in months, and whether or not the animal was from a dairy herd or a beef herd (i.e., dairy, beef).
Therefore, it was not necessary to obtain animal care and use committee approval in advance of conducting this study. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content was determined using the Ankom XT20 Fat Analyzer for ether extraction of fat (AOAC, 2016). A homogenized loin chop was freeze-dried, and then a ground 2.0-g sample was extracted with petroleum ether for 30 min (AOAC, 2016). The authors wish to acknowledge Irish Cattle Breeding Federation (ICBF) for access to their database and to Anglo Beef Processors (ABP) for funding this study. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
- Upon arrival to the university meat laboratory, (approximately 24 to 28 h postmortem), pork carcass sides were removed from combos, hung on an overhead rail, and refrigerated at ≤4 °C until fabrication.
- Furthermore, the expected fewer days on farm and lesser feed intake per day (Connolly et al., 2016) should also result in a lower environmental footprint of the entire sector.
- This information is useful for multiple sectors of the pork industry and should be continuously monitored over time as genetics, nutrition, management strategies, and carcass weights change to meet industry goals.
- However, a variety of broiler breeds attributes, including production potentials, disease incidence resistance, marketing age, customer demand, meat quality, portability and adaptability, could adversely affect the preferences of farmers and profit margins while raising broiler breeds7.
- Carcass fat and conformation are scored on a 15-point scale (Englishby et al., 2016) using VIA mechanical grading.
Breeders have to constantly evaluate and choose newer broiler breeds in order to evolve high-quality broiler breeds with enhanced physiological and production features. However, a variety of broiler breeds attributes, including production potentials, disease incidence resistance, marketing age, customer demand, meat quality, portability and adaptability, could adversely affect the preferences of farmers and profit margins while raising broiler breeds7. Due to various environmental conditions and other events, the efficiency of these breeds may vary significantly, which may have an important bearing on the production potentials and viability of broiler breeds. The study is carried out to determine the best breed of broiler by studying the variations in feed intake, weight gain and carcass quality and quantity of three broiler breeds under same management so that farmers can have maximum benefit. Because payment to producers within the EU is based on the relatively crude EUROP carcass conformation score, genetic evaluations, and hence breeding objectives, generally only focus on evaluations of the EUROP classification. Previously, using data from 156,864 animals from 7,301 herds, Connolly et al. (2016) reported that genetically elite animals performed better on-farm, potentially realizing a difference of up to €213.86 in carcass value between animals in the top 10% for the terminal index, relative to the average.
Currently, the total number of broiler chicken in Nepal is estimated at 65 million with 2.5 million of broiler production per week2. In about 5 to 7 weeks, the majority of modern commercial broilers reach a slaughter weight of about 2 kg3. Broiler carcasses are primarily evaluated based on the yield of edible parts, expressed as a percentage of slaughter yields and the quality of carcass edible parts4.
Time Period
It is also important to highlight that the gains achieved through breeding are cumulative and permanent and, with future improvement in VIA (and other) technology, increased genetic gain could be made to further increase carcass meat yield and carcass composition for the beef industry. Loin pass rate, a measurement that factors in industry-driven thresholds that meat primal cuts must meet (or exceed) to qualify for premium-based systems, was numerically greater by a magnitude of 10.33 percentage units for barrows compared with gilts (Table 8). This was largely driven by differences in subjective marbling scores; however, barrows had greater percentages of loins meeting or exceeding subjective color scores of 3.0 and subjective firmness scores of 2.0 when compared with gilts. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has quantified a parameter like primal pass rate between barrows and gilts, yet several other studies (Boler et al., 2014; Overholt et al., 2016; Redifer et al., 2020) have previously reported quality advantages for lean meat primals from barrows when compared with those from gilts. The current EUROP carcass grading system adopted in EU countries attempts to characterize each carcass based on expected red meat yield and quality (Allen and Finnerty, 2000). Using data from 662 cattle, however, Conroy et al. (2009) documented a correlation of only 0.73 between EUROP carcass conformation score and meat yield.
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However, this analysis was restricted to animals divergent for a terminal index (predominantly focused on returning profit to producers), and focused on the benefits that are likely to accrue within the farm gate from embarking on such a breeding strategy to improve the terminal index value of a herd. Indeed, the benefits of genetic selection on a whole gamut of performance traits in many domesticated species such as beef cattle (McHugh et al., 2014), dairy cattle (Berry and Evans, 2014), and sheep (Dawson and Carson, 2002) have been previously reported, but all confined their analyses to economic (and societal) benefits within the farm gate. In the present study, the impact of genetic selection on downstream industries, namely the meat processing sector, was evaluated.
This shelving unit weigh 80 lbs way to heavy to return therefore I am stuck with a mismatch unusable double set of Origami Shelving Units. I have been a customer for years and I am very disappointed in this business practice you should have better quality control for your warehouse. I will never order from HSN again realizing your lack of quality control and I do not have the confidence that I will receive correctly what I ordered. You need to have a method of correcting errors such as this without causing the customer so much lost. A total of 150 days old chicks of three breeds (Cobb-500, Lohman Indian River and Ross-308), each 50 in number were purchased from Phewa hatchery.
Cold carcass weight, conformation, and fat information were available from the ICBF database on 6,701,105 animals slaughtered between the years 2010 and 2013. Carcass fat and conformation are scored on a 15-point scale (Englishby et al., 2016) using VIA mechanical grading. Four groups of wholesale cut weights, henceforth referred to as wholesale cuts, were also generated from the VIA of each carcass, as described in detail by Pabiou et al. (2011); the individual cuts contributing to each wholesale cut group are based on retail value (Pabiou et al., 2009).
The LIR strain, despite lower feed costs, does not convert feed to body mass efficiently, impacting its overall economic returns. Producers should consider market demand for specific meat parts when selecting broiler strains. The Cobb-500 is suitable for markets with high demand for breast meat, while Ross-308 is better for leg and wing meat. Average body weight was recorded at the time of ration change and feed conversion ratio was calculated at the same time. At 42th day, three birds from each regime were slaughtered to find out dressing percentage and other carcass characteristics such as breast, giblets, wings and leg piece. Upon arrival to the university meat laboratory, (approximately 24 to 28 h postmortem), pork carcass sides were removed from combos, hung on an overhead rail, and refrigerated at ≤4 °C until fabrication.
Backfat thickness and muscle depth were measured with a ruler and loin eye area was measured by tracing the perimeter of the longissimus muscle on acetate paper and then quantified using an electronic planimeter (Manually Operated Planimeter III; Carl Zeiss Inc., Thornwood, New York, USA). Pigs were sourced from nine different producers and slaughtered at the same commercial pork processing facility over a 9-month period. While a wide range of commercial genetic lines was represented in this study, most pigs used for this study were crossbred progeny from Duroc sires and commercial white line (Large White × Landrace) dams. A total of 17 slaughter events consisting of approximately 3,950 carcasses were utilized to select the 343 carcasses that were used in the study. Following the grading station, carcasses were chilled using a conventional chilling system, which can be described as a reefer cooler (using ammonia) operating on a specific chill cycle that is proprietary to the commercial packing plant with carcasses chilled for 22 to 24 h at ambient temperatures ranging from −4 to 2 °C.
A series of analyses were performed on the longissimus thoracis muscle samples including the assessment of pH, drip loss via EZ cup methodology, instrumental color, intramuscular fat content via lipid extraction, subjective color, subjective marbling, subjective firmness, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and cooking loss. During fabrication, bone-in loins were cut at the Canadian grading site location (between the third and fourth last rib). This location was identified with the aid of the punctures on the carcass made by the Destron probe during carcass grading.